Muybridge Complete Human And Animal Locomotion Pdf Download
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1. In 1883, Muybridge studied the kinematics of cat locomotion, and published a seminal book, “Animal Locomotion” (Muybridge 1887). His work was based on measurements of the locomotor activities of cats, dogs and oxen. He used many different types of cameras and developed his own method of “electro-photographic” motion photographs in order to capture fast locomotor activity. He was able to capture both the left and right sides of the body moving simultaneously, because he recorded from two different cameras and viewed each image separately. The video camera was a “single lens reflex” (SLR) camera that was developed by William Fox Talbot in 1835. It is used today as a common camera for still photographs and motion pictures. It is capable of capturing a complete photographic image and can be pointed and focused in any direction by moving the camera. Muybridge's system consisted of a camera attached to a tripod on a portable stand that he carried around with him. He could move his stand quickly, so he could capture photographs of animals in motion from multiple camera angles. He used a “triple-exposed” system in which he exposed film three times, and then combined the different images into one photograph.
We will focus on Muybridge's use of cats to study human locomotion and analyze it using a comparative approach. We will illustrate the role of orbital- and temporal-cortex injury by reviewing neurological and neuropsychiatric features of his cat and horse work. We will also discuss the role of the limbic-cortex (orbitofrontal and temporal) in Muybridge's fractured skull and his ability to continue artistic work, despite the effect of the fracture and the subsequent concussion. We will discuss the feasibility of the cognitive rehabilitation of our own and others with altered self-awareness and altered cognitive processing. We will summarize the implications of our work for clinical neurorehabilitation using ethological and comparative methods.
Muybridge's system was a precursor to the zoopraxiscope (Fig. 2), a movie camera that he invented to be used for scientific and entertainment purposes. The zoopraxiscope took still photographs that could be projected on a screen.
In 1878, Muybridge established his zoopraxiscope at the Lick Observatory. In the late 1880s, Muybridge hired Frank F. Edwards to photograph him riding a galloping horse, in a process that became known as zoopraxiscope photography.[63] In 1889, Muybridge and his associates presented a series of zoetropes (Fig. 2) to the public.[64] In 1894, Muybridge and zoetrope creator Edwin S. Porter prepared a number of zoetropes which they exhibited at the Chicago World's Fair. These zoetropes were the first to expose moving images on a large scale to the public. In this way, the moving images changed the way people viewed nature and the world around them. Muybridge was the first to document motion in great detail, and was never able to repeat any of these experiments, and had no equipment to duplicate what he did. Through his presentations and his photographs, Muybridge moved people to awe and wonder, and he inspired many people to become scientists and researchers. The best image for this section is the zoopraxiscope image (Fig. 2). 827ec27edc