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Johnson was born about 30 years before the commercial production of barometers began in England, but by the time he penned this witty observation they were becoming a customary feature of middle-class households.
By the 20th century, advances in weather forecasting had made barometers largely redundant. As antiques, however, they remained highly collectable, prized for their decorative forms, complex mechanisms and historical interest.
As scientific instruments, barometers often came with ancillary features, including thermometers for reading the temperature, and hygrometers for measuring humidity. Occasionally, they were also fitted to longcase clocks.
At the peak of their popularity, there were some 2,000 barometer makers and retailers in England alone. Other makers could be found in France, Germany, Holland, Ireland, Scotland, Belgium, Portugal and America.
Charles Orme was a celebrated 18th-century maker of angle barometers. Some of his instruments contain two or occasionally three tubes, extending the usual distance that the mercury can rise or fall from three inches to 60 inches, giving even greater accuracy. He also pioneered the practice of distilling the mercury to remove any impurities.
Russell is renowned for his wheel barometers, which, owing to his clockmaking skills, have finely engraved plates and intricate mechanisms. Today, his barometers can be found in Buckingham Palace and the National Galleries of Scotland.
Owing to their fragility, many barometer parts often need replacing, especially the glass tubes. Where this is the case, the key consideration is that the work has been done sympathetically and the parts are as close to the originals as possible.
Interesting provenance is also appealing. For example, Sir Nicholas Goodison was known to buy only the best barometers, working with reputable auction houses and dealers. For a piece to have been included in his collection is an indication of quality.
It was in 1845 that Onorato Comitti moved from Italy to England and soon set-up his first business producing high quality barometers and related instruments. By the end of the Victorian period Mr Comitti also started to produce high quality clocks and the family run company has been at the forefront of british clockmaking ever since. Today the company is one of the last remaining companies in The UK still producing clocks and barometers.
The stormoguide was a clever means of popularising the barometer by Short & Mason in the early Twentieth Century. Rather than trying to interpret the barometric pressure in inches or using the old Admiral Fitzroy method of forecast, the company sought to provide visual description and meaning to the movement of the dial. These were not necessarily new indices but Short & Mason sought to remove the complication of reading a barometer and to make it an immediate and useful piece of household equipment.
A Victorian brass cased compensated aneroid barometer, by Negretti & Zambra, late 19th century, the silvered dial calibrated in barometric inches and with altimeter calibrated in feet to rotating bezel, with blued steel hand, the dial inscribed COMPENSATED, NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA LONDON 12215, the glazed brass case with suspension loop, in silk and velvet lined leather travelling case, barometer 7.5cm diameter
It is generally accepted that Evangelista Torricelli invented the barometer in the mid-17th century. A student of Galileo, Torricelli noticed the correlation between the weather conditions and the change in the level of mercury in an inverted tube. While this did not allow for accurate weather prediction, it did give some indication of what the climate was going to be.
A mercury or Torricellian barometer features a glass container filled with mercury. Simply put, at sea level, as air temperature rises, there is an increase in pressure within the container, which causes the mercury level to rise. Conversely, a drop in air temperature will decrease the pressure within the tube and the mercury level will fall. A change in altitude will affect the working of a mercury barometer.
An aneroid barometer features a small, copper alloy box known as an aneroid capsule. Inside the tightly sealed box is a series of springs and levers which will expand or contract with changes in the atmospheric pressure within the box.
While both types of barometer work on the same principle, the mercury barometer is simpler and more accurate. An aneroid barometer can register minute changes in pressure but has a highly complex mechanism.
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